A
glimpse into the lives and culture of the people of Punjab can be got through
the folk idiom of Punjab. There is a great repertoire of music, right from the
time of birth to death. Culturally Punjab can be divided into three regions,
Malwa, Majha and Doaba. Today Malwa represents the true spirit of Punjabi folk
traditions. The Punjabi fold idiom is so rich, so varied and so very versatile.
It is a culture of generous, vast, big-hearted people which is devoid of any
fanaticism and religious narrow mindedness of ideology.If we go deep into the folk music of the land, it is difficult to classify it. But perhaps we can draw board divisions for every season, every festive occasion has music associated with it. Even food is associated with a change in season. The festivals of Punjab are numerous. Lohri is the time after which the biting cold of winter begins to taper off. In the olden days, it was more of a community festival, where the birth of a son, the first year of marriage was celebrated all through the village in front of the sacred fire. Songs like 'Sunder mundriye, tera kaun vichara, Dulla Bhathi Wala.' were sung to the beat of virourous claps. Groups of little children would go singing round the village collecting 'gur' and 'rewari' for themselves. 'Lohri' was preceded by Maagh and the famous Maaghi Da Mela, and followed by Baisakhi, where the Bhangra was danced by the men of the village.
An energetic dance associated with the ripening of crops, performed by the men folk of the villages. The dance manifests the vigour and vitality and exuberance of the people, in anticipation of money coming in after the cutting of a good harvest. Then comes the season of the monsoon, or 'sawan' when the married girls come home for a vacation, meet their old friends, wear the colourful Phulkaris, swing under the trees, adorn themselves with 'mehndi patterns', and glass bangles and exchange news, singing songs. 'Ni Lia De Mai, Kallean Bagaan Di Mehandi'. No occasion goes off without the association of music in Punjab. Right from the moment a woman announces the news of the conception of a baby, songs start. The third month, the fifth month, and then of the actual birth of baby is associated with joyous songs about the impending arrival. There are songs that tell about the love of a brother or a sister.
For the process of washing and cleaning the grain, of making new clothes, and
household items, songs are sung by the woman in the family as they work through
the night, that the 'dhol' is not used as the menfolk who are sleeping should
not have their sleep disturbed. And then the numerous songs associated with
the wedding. In the girls side 'Suhag' is sung, and in the boy's side, songs
while he mounts the mare, 'Sehra' and 'Ghodi' are sung. When the two sides meet
'Sithaniyan' are exchanged. A kind of raunchy humour which makes it easier for
both the parties to show off their wit and repartee and also provides an opportunity
to get to know each other. After the Barat is received 'Patal Kaavya' is sung
after tea and while the 'Barat' is eating food together. Jugni, Sammi are basically
songs centring around love, in the Jugni normally the bachelors gather together
and sing about their beloved. The Sammi is more a gypsy dance, which is performed
as an expression of joy and victory, around the fire at night. Sammi is an imaginary
female character of folk poetry, belonging to the Marwar area of Rajasthan who
fell in love with the young prince, and it is around their love story that the
music and dance is set to. In the list of happy songs are included, Luddie,
Dhamal and of course the Giddha and the Bhangra, which is all set to music,
which is typical of Punjab. Along with the 'Dhol' primarily, are sung 'Bolis'
which can be divided into two categories, 'singly boli' and' lengthy boli'.
Centering on mother-in-law, father-in-law, sister-in-law and other character
from everyday life the music of these two lively traditions is extremely enervating.
Being a frontier state war played an important part in the lives of the people
of Punjab. There was also a tradition of wrestlers living in every village,
and while they practised at the 'Akhara' music grew around their practice called
'akhara singing'. The drum plays a very important part in the folk music of
Punjab. It provides the basic accompaniment to most of folk music. The 'Dhol'
and 'Dholik', the male and female drum, had it's own relevant use. The information
of an impending army was communicated by the sound of the 'Dhol', when information
was given to the neighboring villages through a particular beat. The instruments
used in Punjabi folk are typical to the region. The 'toombi', 'algoza', 'chheka',
'chimta', 'kaanto', daphali', dhad' and 'manjira' are some of the popular traditional
folk instruments.
There are songs that are specific to death. Called 'Siapah', there are different
kinds of 'siapah'. Special to individuals, the song of mourning deal with the
loss of a brother, sister, mother, father, mother-in-law, father-in-law, and
are sung in a particular format.
As in the rest of the country Sikh religion is deeply connected with music.
In fact a glossary of music and Ragas are given at the end of the Guru Granth
Sahib, the tradition starting with Mardana, who accompanied Guru Nanak on his
travels who sang the bani of Guru Nanak with an ektaara and the rhubarb. Classical
ragas are used in the shabad kirtan, gayaki of Punjab. The sixth Guru Hargobind
gave patrongae to sect of singers who sang only martial songs. Called Dhadis,
they sing at shrines and festivals, ballads, vars, and about the heroic feats
of the Sikhs. Along with the "Dhad" the dhadi also uses a sarangi, as a musical
accompaniment.
A strong tradition of the kissa sahity of Punjab is very much part and parcel
of Punjabi folk music. The legends of Heer Ranjha , Sohni Mahiwal, Sassi Punnu,
Puran Bhagat are sung more in a semi classical style. The Punjabi kaffi and
kali are part of this genre. Related to this is the sufiana kallam of Punjab
as a result of a strong Sufi tradition in the state. The Heer in particular
has a strong sufi base.
Later in the eighteenth and nineteenth century there started in Punjab a strong
school of classical music centring on Patiala known today as the Patiala Gharana.
The founders of this gahrana were Ustaad Ali Bux and Ustaad Fateh Ali who were
great singers in the Patiala Darbar. Their disciples and admirers were numerous.
Notable amongst them were Ustad Bade Ghulam Ali and his brother Barkat Ali who
brought the Patiala Gharana on the forefront of Khayal gayaki. And thus started
the chau-mukhia style, which included dhrupad, khyal thumri and the taraana.
Each of these styles too has their particular flavour, the energy and zest of
the soil of Punjab. Highly decorated, Ustaad Bade Ghulam Ali Khan composed numerous
bandishes or compositions under the penname of Sabarang. Parallel to this was
the growth of a gharana of tabla playing which is also known as the Punjab style,
of which Alla Rakha the great tabla maestro belongs.